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PHOTO BY LOS ANGELES TIMES
If these were normal times in the Philippines, you would know exactly what to do
the moment you woke up after dreaming of a priest.
You'd pick No 29 in that day's jueteng draw.
When it comes to jueteng (pro-nounced "who-way-teng''), the underground
numbers game that is the national obsession, every dream has a meaning, every
vision a corresponding number to bet on.
See a car first thing in the morning? Bet 4. A spider? Choose 22.
But these days, the jueteng code of dream interpretation and number
selection is of no use to anyone. With Phil-ippine President Gloria Macapagal
Arroyo facing possible impeachment over allegations that she used jueteng
payoffs for her 2004 re-election campaign, the gambling lords have decided to
cease operations - at least until the heat subsides.
Now you can't place a bet. The cobradors, the ant army of collectors who
trawl the towns and cities taking wagers door to door, sit idle. "No jueteng''
is the lament in the billiards shacks and the karaoke bars full of female
"guest relations officers'' that line the main street of Lubao, Arroyo's marshy
hometown about 80 kilometers north of Manila.
"It stopped around the time the Pope died,'' says Helen Aguilar, 41, at her
stall in Lubao's public market, where smoke rises from barbecues piled with
local delicacies such as chicken heads marinated in ketchup, vinegar and brown
sugar; cubes of congealed beef blood; chopped pig snouts with chilis (the
provincial specialty).
Behind her at the Philippine govern-ment's lottery outlet, people line up to buy
tickets.
Judging by the grumbling that's going on, the tickets are no substitute for jueteng.
Nobody knows anybody who ever won anything in the lotto.
The Philippines is awash in gambling options. Children are reared learning how
to bet. The spider fights that were the rage for previous generations of kids
have been replaced by betting on the final digits of pro basketball scores. As
adults, they still chase the jackpot dreams, from legalized gambling in casinos
and cockfights to card games held at outdoor wakes.
But jueteng is king in this country of 84 million, 45 percent of whom
live on less than US$1 (HK$7.80) a day. Hope of a windfall at jueteng is
their oxygen, the daily fix for people perpetually in search of the Big Score.
The game's massive popularity rides on convenience and simplicity. Pick a
combination of two numbers between 1 and 37, hand a few pesos over to a cobrador,
and you've got a shot at real money. Jueteng pays off 45 to 1.
With up to three draws a day, this simple racket offers poor Filipinos an almost
constant opportunity to gamble. But as it has expanded in reach in the last 10
years, critics say jueteng has become a cancer on the country, sucking
income from the poor and creating a minority of extremely rich gambling lords
and a hierarchy of cops and politicians paid to look the other way.
Jueteng lords are alleged to have enough money and power to fix national
elections. Enough to put presidents in power. Enough to take them out.
Four years ago, allegations that then-president Joseph Estrada accepted jueteng
payola led to a civilian and military uprising that toppled him and propelled
Arroyo, his vice-president, into his post. The most damaging testimony against
Estrada, who remains under house arrest outside Manila, came from a
self-confessed jueteng lord who was and still is a provincial governor.
Now Arroyo faces a jueteng scandal, with opposition lawmakers, including
Estrada's still bitter allies, pushing for a Senate impeachment trial. "This,''
says Digs Dilangalen, Estrada's spokesman, smiling wryly, "is what you call
karma.''
Separate Senate hearings into jue-teng operations have produced witnesses
claiming that Arroyo's husband, Mike, son Mikey and brother-in-law Iggy all
accepted payments from gambling figures. In late June, Mike and Mikey Arroyo
left the Philippines for "voluntary exile'' in California. They said they
wanted to avoid being a distraction to the president, who denies the
allegations.
Accusations of jueteng corruption are so pervasive that many say the only
way to root it out is to legalize the game. There is an anguished cry from
impov-erished neighborhoods that jueteng's hiatus is causing further
economic pain among poorer Filipinos. "Yes, we have a jueteng problem in
this country,'' the Reverend Rudolfo de Guzman says as he stands in the
17th-century nave of the time-ravaged but beautiful Church of St Augustine of
Lubao.
"The problem right now is we have no jueteng.''
De Guzman sees no reason to stop the game. It takes hope away from those who
need a chance to dream, he says.
"If you have casinos for the rich, why not jueteng for the poor? Lots of
people in this town depend on jueteng. It's a way of life here.''
Jueteng has made Boy Mayor, for one, a big shot in the Philippines - the
kind of guy who boasts that he can buy off politicians or have a troublesome
cop transferred to another district. "The cops were afraid of me,'' he says.
For almost a decade, Mayor financed one of the biggest jueteng rackets in
the Philippines, with nearly 400 cobradors working for him. He started
his career as a provincial construction contractor and by the mid-1990s, he
says, had figured out which politicians and military officers he needed to pay
off to win contracts.
That's privileged and valuable knowledge in the Philippines, which made him a
natural for financing jueteng.
"The biggest need in jueteng is for protection and I knew the people who
could give it,'' he says.
Over the next decade, Mayor ran a gambling operation that eventually brought in
more than US$50,000 a day. He paid out 40 percent of it in protection money, 20
percent in winnings. He says he knows which politicians were taking a cut and
using it to finance campaigns. He knows the bank accounts they used to launder
the money. He knows which local reporters were on the take.
"I have a PhD in jueteng,'' he jokes.
But somewhere along the way, Mayor said, he became troubled by the social damage
his racket was causing. Two years ago, he began to consider getting out.
"I'm a religious man, and I watched people praying to God for their numbers to
come in,'' Mayor says. "It touched me. I've seen bank employees steal from the
bank to finance jueteng. Men who lost their own businesses. Jueteng
is like a drug. It ruins families.''
Mayor's crisis of conscience didn't impress everybody. When murmurs started that
he might turn against the hand that fed him, Mayor got death threats. One night
last spring, a mob surrounded his home.
Enter the archbishop.
Since Estrada's fall in 2001, Oscar Cruz, the archbishop of Dagupan City, 193
kilometers north of Manila, had been waging a low-level campaign to expose the
evils of jueteng. By this year, he had finally convinced sympathetic
senators to hold hearings into the game's links to politicians. But he still
needed a witness who knew the in-tricacies of the networks, someone who could
name names.
So when Cruz got a frantic phone call from a friend saying Mayor was in danger,
he dispatched several priests to escort him through the crowd and into his
embrace. Mayor has been sleeping in church safe houses ever since.
"The people knew Mayor was fed up, knew he was going to turn,'' says the feisty
70-year-old archbishop. "So I sent the priests to fetch him. He is under my
protection now.''
In June, Mayor testified before the Senate. He named names. One was Sandra Cam,
a woman whose bank account had been used, she later testified when called to
the hearings, to launder jueteng money for Mike Arroyo.
"When Sandra came out,'' Cruz says, "she came out boxing.''
Cam and Mayor's testimony on jueteng has placed the first family directly
in the archbishop's line of fire. President Arroyo has denied any links to jueteng
lords. She does acknowledge having met Lilia Pineda, the wife of Rudolfo
"Bong'' Pineda, who is known as the jueteng king of Lubao.
But in a remarkable passage in her state of the union address last month, Arroyo
called for a complete overhaul of the Philippine Constitution, saying that the
"political system has degenerated to the extent that it is difficult for anyone
to make any headway yet keep his hands clean.''
Still, the jueteng noose may be tightening around Arroyo. In Manila last
week, a former government official told reporters he was present at a meeting
at Arroyo's house where Lilia Pineda distributed cash-filled envelopes to
several of the country's election commissioners, four months before the 2004
election. The aide, Michael Angelo Zuce, said President Arroyo was in the house
at the time.
Arroyo responded with a statement saying she "did not witness any distribution
of bribes.''
So, for the second time in four years, the fate of a presidency rests upon its
ties to an illegal lottery that mostly raids the pockets of the poor, creating
an irresistible tide of cash that has the country in its grip.
"Jueteng is our equivalent of narco-politics,'' says Cruz, referring to
the corruption that swirls around drug trafficking in countries such as
Colombia. "The jueteng lords are running a parallel government here. We
thought, after what happened to Estrada, that this woman would learn a
lesson,'' Cruz says of Arroyo. "Instead, it became bigger.''
LOS ANGELES TIMES
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