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There's no doubt Willis Carrier has made life
more comfortable for a lot of people. Singapore's elder statesman Lee Kwan Yew
reckons Carrier's invention was the most important of the 20th century for
Asia. I wouldn't go that far: what about penicillin-based antibiotics? Or the
Internet? Or striped toothpaste?
But Carrier certainly changed things. When the thermometer climbs we all flick
switches which should bear the American's name: Carrier invented the Apparatus
for Treating Air, better known today as air-conditioning.
Back in 1902 when a young Carrier shouted ``Eureka!'' there wasn't enough
electricity in Hong Kong to cool a modern-day fridge-full of beer.
But hey, we're making up for lost time now. Cooling down Hong Kong accounts for
around one third of total annual electricity consumption in the city. And it's
rising.
All the more reason why, from a purely cost-conscious viewpoint, you would think
that businesses would want to switch off Carrier's apparatus when the outside
temperature drops.
Here we are enjoying the coolest time of the year, with everybody pulling on
their fashionable overcoats, anoraks, knee-length boots and woolly ski hats -
and that's just to sit indoors.
So why is it that Hong Kongers insist on burning electricity to keep shopping
malls, restaurants, offices and cinemas chilled and dank during winter? Why are
buses like huge fridges on wheels?
I've got a feeling it's because we have become addicted to air-conditioning. A
friend who sits in an office all day in an anorak and scarf told me that if we
didn't have the air-con on, we'd all be breathing one another's breath. Really?
But here's a better reason, put forward by an indoor air quality consultant.
``Hong Kong stinks,'' says George Woo, chairman of a Clear the Air campaign
committee investigating rising indoor air pollution.
``People in Hong Kong have come to associate the quality of indoor air with low
temperatures,'' he told me.
``It's a mistake. A lot of public places lower the temperature to hide smells
from moulds in carpets and upholstery, caused by humidity and lack of fresh air
ventilation. Restaurants in particular do this.
``When the temperature is lower our nose sensitivity goes down so we don't smell
things. Also, molecular action goes down.
``The idea that air-conditioned air is cleaner and fresher is not true. It's
just colder.''
So let's all fling open the windows, cast off our coats and warm our noses by
rubbing them together like Eskimos.
Unfortunately, it's not that easy. Well rubbing noses together is easy enough,
but most windows don't open and even if they did many people don't want them
open, Woo says, because they've become convinced that the air outside is
polluted.
Now there's the rub, so to speak. Hong Kong's outdoor air quality is indeed
getting bad, as numerous reports attest. But where do we think our indoor air
comes from?
It certainly isn't piped in from a pristine Norwegian fjord.
Woo acknowledges that outdoor pollution is a problem, but he says indoor air in
Hong Kong is deteriorating too. Why? Because of the lack of fresh air
ventilation. By a remarkable coincidence, fresh air is an essential ingredient
of clean, healthy air, say the experts.
Air-conditioning is a bit of a con. Apart from masking must, it recycles a lot
of old bacteria and such like. ``Building renovation regulations in some
countries require inclusion of fresh air ventilation,'' Woo says, ``but in Hong
Kong no one cares. There is no control. Indoor air quality is getting worse in
Hong Kong.''
The Clear the Air campaign says poor indoor air quality can cause headaches,
breathing problems and allergies.
But the damage may already have been done, at least to our noses. Hong Kong is
firmly fixated on keeping them dog-like cold-damp.
An indication that Hong Kongers have become addicted to cold air-conditioning is
found in Hong Kong's average indoor temperature: 20-21 degrees Celsius,
compared with Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok where the average is 24-25
degrees Celsius, according to Woo's research.
Turning up the thermostat three degrees from 22.5 to 25.5 degrees Celsius can
save 10 percent on Hong Kong's energy consumption, the government's electrical
and mechanical services department (EMSD) says.
A saving of just 5 percent would cut Hong Kong's annual energy bill by HK$400
million.
So it's clear that keeping our noses cold is a very expensive business. Even
though a large percentage of the population live out their days and half their
nights basking in someone else's air-con, the average household still manages
to spend between HK$600 and HK$700 on every air-conditioner unit during the
summer months.
Not only do we burn up one-third of our city's annual electricity usage keeping
our noses chilled, energy consumption in that dubious cause is rising steadily.
It increased by 55 percent between 1990 and 2000, the EMSD says.
Hong Kong's sophisticated air-conditioning system at Chek Lap Kok airport, for
instance, is one of the biggest in the world - equivalent to 15,000 domestic
air-conditioning units. The EMSD reckons that Hong Kongers spend on average 70
percent of their lives indoors.
``Poor indoor air quality can cause discomfort and ill health, leading in turn
to absenteeism and low productivity in the workplace,'' an EMSD report says. A
task force has been set up to look into the problem, so we can discount any
hope from that quarter for a while.
Meantime, Professor KP Cheung of Hong Kong University's department of
architecture opines that naturally ventilated buildings ``offer a greater
variation of indoor climatic conditions than air-conditioned buildings and
people are likely to be healthier in naturally ventilated buildings.''
He points out that not only are old technology ceiling fans cheaper, and more
efficient in humid conditions, they save on the air-polluting coal that's
burned to generate the electricity to work the air-conditioners.
graham.lees@globalchina.com
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